TESOL词汇大全（三）

TESOL词汇大全（三）

podcast
a regularly updated audio segment that can be played back on a computer or downloaded to a listening device such as an MP3 player for future listening

positive degree
the state of an adjective or adverb when it shows quality but doesn't show any comparison
e.g. "nice, kind, quickly" (see "superlative" and "comparative")

PPP
stands for "presentation, practice, production"; the main components to a lesson

practicum (also called "observed teaching")
part of a teacher training program that involves getting practice in a real classroom and receiving feedback from an experienced teacher; usually a required number of hours

pragmatics
the study of language and how people speak in a certain context or situation

predicate
one of the two main parts of a sentence explaining what is said of the subject (the subject is the other main part)

prefix see affix

preparation time
the time a teacher spends getting ready for a class; can be paid or unpaid
e.g. photocopying, writing lesson plans, choosing supplementary materials, marking

preposition
one of the nine parts of speech that usually comes before a noun phrase and connects it to another part of the sentence. Common prepositions are: at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with. For example:

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She went to work at eight o'clock.

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Keep walking for two kilometres.

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Where do you come from

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prepositional verb
verbs that are formed with a verb + a preposition
e.g. "believe in", "think about"

prescriptive grammar
the rules and examples of language usage used to teach a language

prescriptive grammar
a set of rules about language that attempt to describe how it should be used. Compare with descriptive grammar, which is a set of rules about language that attempt to prescribe how it is actually used.

present participle
the -ing form of a verb in continuous tenses, as in: She was sleeping.

present perfect
a verb tense that connects the past and the present and is used to express experience, change, or a continuing situation; formed with subject + "have/has" + past participle, as in I have never been to Africa.

private lesson
a one-on-one teaching session between a learner and a teacher/tutor

process approach
a method for teaching writing that walks learners through the strategies of pre-writing, writing and revision stages

product approach
a method for teaching writing in which learners are given a model and then asked to create something similar

proficiency test
a test that measures a learner's language background and skills (often used as a placement test)

progressive
a verb form that expresses ongoing action, as in We are studying penguins.

pronunciation
the language system concerned with the way the sounds of a language are spoken, including matters such as word stress, sentence stress, linking and intonation

pronoun
one of the nine parts of speech that stands in place of a noun, such as: she, him, yours, this, who, myself. For example:

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Tara is Trinidadian. She is beautiful.

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My car is red. What colour is yours?

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I wonder who is knocking at the door.

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proper noun
a noun that is capitalized at all times, such as the name of a person, place, or brand

pull-out ESL
a program where students are removed from a regular classroom for part of the day to receive English language instruction

punctuation
a standard system (such as commas, periods, question marks) for marking written texts to clarify their meaning. A capital letter to mark the beginning of a sentence, proper noun or the pronoun I is also sometimes regarded as punctuation. The main punctuation marks are:

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full stop (BrE) or period (AmE): used at the end of a sentence or abbreviation

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comma: marks a pause between parts of a sentence, or between words in a list

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question mark: marks the end of a question

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exclamation mark (BrE) or exclamation point (BrE): marks surprise, anger, command, loudness etc

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semicolon: stronger than a comma, marks a pause, typically between two main clauses

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colon: precedes an example, an explanation, a list of items or a quotation

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apostrophe: marks, with s, the possessive form of nouns; also replaces missing letters in a contraction

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hyphen: joins words or parts of words

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dash: marks a pause or break in sense; sometimes used like the colon

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quotation marks or speech marks: enclose direct speech, a quoted passage, titles of books etc

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brackets: enclose additional or subordinate information

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rate of acquisition
how quickly the learner acquires the second language

reading
one of the four language skills, reading is the "input" or receptive skill associated with written language

realia
objects from the real world that learners can use while practising the language to make a classroom feel more like a real life setting

recruiting agency (also called "placement agency")
a business that acts as a middle man between the teacher and the school; schools pay recruiters to find teachers

recycling
a teaching method in which teachers (or materials) review vocabulary or skills that have already been taught by including them in subsequent lessons

reduced clause
a shortened relative clause (omit relative pronoun and "be" verb) or adverbial clause (omit subject and "be" verb) which is allowed under certain conditions
e.g. "The woman who is sitting on the bench is my sister." Relative clause reduced to: "The woman sitting on the bench is my sister."

rehearsal
refers to the place in a lesson where learners get to practise what they've learned (in a variety of ways)

relative clause
a dependent clause that is usually introduced with a relative pronoun such as who, what, where or that (see "reduced clause"); information can be required for understanding (defining/restrictive with no commas) or unnecessary but interesting (non-defining/non-restrictive with commas)
e.g. "The person who finishes first can leave early." (defining) OR "My brother, who lives in Texas, is coming to visit." (non-defining)

restrictive clause (also called "defining clause")
a type of relative clause that contains information that is required for the understanding of the sentence; not set off with commas
e.g. "The boy who was wearing a blue shirt was the winner." (see non-restrictive clause)

role-play
a form of speaking practice where the learners pretend to be people they are not

scaffolding
offering strong instructional support when introducing a new concept or idea; including a discussion based on prior knowledge of a subject and offering images or other visual aids

scan
a type of reading that involves searching for something specific (such as an answer) in a piece of text

schema theory
a process where learners draw from their own background knowledge to understand a reading

schwa
the most common unstressed vowel sound in English, transcribed as /ə/. eg the a in account, the last o in doctor

second conditional
the if-structure used to talk about an unreal dream or unlikely possibility in the future, as in If we got rich, we would travel the world.

self access materials/centres(SAC)
resources or resource rooms where learners can choose their own books, handouts and audio visual programs to supplement their learning

semantics
the study of language meaning, including connotative meaning

semi private lesson
a tutoring style session in which two or three learners share one teacher; learners generally pay slightly less than private lessons

series
a grammatical term referring to a list of items in a sentence
e.g. "The children ate popsicles, popcorn and chips."

sight vocabulary
words that are commonly used in text and are the first ones that learners spot and recognize when developing reading skills

silent period
a period of time in the initial phase of learning a language where a learner should not be required to respond but rather encouraged to understand what is being taught (according to some theorists)

simile
a figure of speech that likens one thing to another different thing. Similes can make descriptions more emphatic or vivid, as in: as light as a feather, drink like a fish

simple past
the tense used to talk about an action, event, or situation that occurred and was completed in the past
e.g. "We ate cookies for breakfast."

simple present
the tense that is used to show something general, habitual, or always true
e.g. "I like tea." OR "We go to the movies on Fridays."

singular
related to "one" and can be a noun, subject, or verb; a singular subject takes a singular verb (in grammar "number" refers to whether something is singular or plural)

skills see language skills

skills-based
materials or lessons that are centred around certain types of skills such as reading, listening, pronunciation etc.

skim
to glance over a piece of text without reading fully

slang
very informal language, usually spoken rather than written, and typically restricted to a particular context or group of people, for example:

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hang out, junkie, limo, on the blink, pack heat, sicko

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slip
a minor language mistake in spoken English (by a native speaker or advanced learner)

sociolinguistic competence
the ability to use and understand the appropriate language in different social situations

speaking
one of the four language skills, speaking is the "output" or productive skill associated with spoken language

Standard English (S.E.)
the "normal" spelling, pronunciation and grammar that is used by educated native speakers

stress
the extra time given to certain syllables or spoken words of importance
e.g. "We don't want to worsen the problem." OR "The pho-to-grapher is late."

STT
Student Talking Time; the amount of time during class when learners get to do the talking (see TTT)

student centred learning
method of teaching where the needs and interests of the students receive priority and the teacher's role is "facilitator"

student feedback
reaction or evaluation from learners (directed towards other learners or the teacher)

subject
a noun or pronoun that does the action (or "is" the state)
e.g. "The rain came down in buckets." OR "Mary is beautiful." (see "predicate")

subjunctive
a rare verb formed with the bare infinitive (except past of "be") usually used to express importance or urgency; common verbs or expressions include "recommend/ask/suggest + that" or expressions like "it is important/necessary that"
e.g. "The teacher requests that you be at the school before the bell rings."

submersion
(also called "sink or swim")
approach in which L2 are placed in the same class as L1 in the hope that they will learn as much as possible

subordinate clause
(also called "dependent clause")
an adverb or adjective clause that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete sentence
e.g. "When I'm tired, I have to take a nap." (see "independent clause")

suffix see affix

superlative
an adjective or adverb that describes the extreme degree of something
e.g. "happiest" OR "most joyfully"

supplementary materials
extra worksheets, games, books etc. that a teacher uses for teaching materials in addition to a core text (often based on the same theme or skill set)

surface learning
when a learner memorizes facts and accepts information for the purpose of an exam; long-term retention and understanding is unlikely (see "deep learning")

syllable
a single beat or sound in a spoken word
e.g. "diff-i-cult" has three syllables

syllabus
an outline of the subjects in a course or program

synonym
a word that means the same as, or nearly the same as, another word, for example: close/shut, impromptu/spontaneous. See antonym

syntax
the study of rules related to proper sentence formation

systems see language systems

tape script/transcript
the text version of an audio segment or lesson

target language
the language being taught (English); also sometimes refers to the language goal or aim to be presented in a lesson

teachable moment
an educational opportunity that comes up often unexpectedly and is taught as an aside

teacher burnout
a condition caused by depersonalization, prolonged stress and a diminished sense of accomplishment

teacher centred
a teaching method (outdated in the EFL industry) where the instructor does most of the talking

teaching aids
equipment, supplies, or materials that a teacher uses in the classroom
e.g. tapes, videos, white board

TEFL/TESL certificate
a training certificate for teachers who want to teach English to learners of different native language ; certificates range in length, intensity and credibility (see ESL vs EFL)

TEFL vs. TESL
Teach English as a Foreign Language vs. Teach English as a Second Language (see EFL vs. ESL)

tense
the forms in a language that indicate the time and completion of an action or state
e.g. simple tenses include past, present, future

theme-based
a whole language program or curriculum that is organized by themes or topics rather than skills
e.g. animals; family; seasons

third conditional
the if-structure used to talk about events in the past that did not happen, as in If it had rained yesterday, we would have cancelled the game.

TOEFL
Test of English as a Foreign Language; a standardized exam that tests the four main language skills and may be used as an entrance prerequisite for tertiary education in the USA.

TOEIC
Test of English for International Communication; a standardized exam that tests a person's ability to use English in business and everyday situations

top down learning/processing
begins with general overview of a learning skill and proceeds to more specific aspects

Total physical response
part of the Communicative Approach; learners are encouraged to respond with actions before words

transferable skills
acquired skills that a person learns in one job and can be used later in a different job or career

transitive verb
an action verb that has a direct object (receiver of action)
e.g. "The kids always eat a snack while they watch TV." The "snack" is the direct object. (see "intransitive")

TTT
Teacher Talking Time; the amount of time a teacher talks and the learner listens

tutor
a person who assists a learner privately; teaching session usually focuses on learner difficulties and specific goals

two way
bilingual environment in which L1 learners are taught L2 and vice versa at the same time

(U.S.S.R.)
Uninterrupted Sustained Silent Reading: a reading strategy where learners are required to read silently for a certain period of time

usage
the way language is used, especially in a certain country or region

velar
a consonant sound that is pronounced by touching the back of the tongue to the soft palate, as in /k/ in keep

verb
one of the nine parts of speech that describes action or state, such as work, fight, be, can, seem. For example:

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They walked to school.

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Matt is Australian.

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That sounds interesting.

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vernacular style
everyday language that is characteristic of a specific country or group

virtual classroom
an online classroom that allows teacher and learners to see, hear and interact with each other in real time, share and view videos and presentations, and engage with learning resources individually or in groups.

virtual field trip
a collection of images, text and/or video from the World Wide Web that is gathered and packaged into a presentation on a certain topic

visual learner
people who learn best when teachers use body language, facial expression and pictures

vocabulary
1. the language system concerned with knowledge of words ("Vocabulary is at least as important as grammar.") 2. the total stock of words known to a particular learner ("You should read more; it will improve your vocabulary.")

voiced sound
a sound produced while the vocal chords are vibrating as in /z/. With an unvoicedor non-voiced or voiceless sound there is no vocal chord vibration as in /s/. The phenomenon is called voicing.

VSO
Voluntary Service Overseas

warmer
a short, fun activity that brings energy into the classroom and usually precedes a lesson

whole language
a language learning theory that stresses the importance of integrating reading, writing, speaking and listening

word class (see part of speech)

writing
one of the four language skills, writing is the "output" or productive skill associated with written language

zero conditional
the if-structure used when the result of a condition is always true, as in If you heat ice it melts.

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